Explore options like linear, cubic-bezier, and step functions for smooth transitions.
Introduction to animation-timing-function
in CSS
The animation-timing-function
property in CSS allows you to control how animations progress over time. By setting this property, you can make animations speed up, slow down, or maintain a steady pace, enhancing the visual appeal of your website.
Specification
The animation-timing-function
property is part of the CSS Animations Level 1 specification. It defines how animations progress, offering various predefined timing functions like ease
, linear
, ease-in
, ease-out
, and ease-in-out
. You can also create custom timing functions using cubic-bezier
and steps
.
Description
The animation-timing-function
property specifies how an animation’s values are calculated over time. It defines the speed curve of the animation, determining how it progresses from start to finish. This property is essential for creating smooth and dynamic animations.
Easing functions control the rate of change of the animation. You can make animations start slow and speed up, maintain a constant speed, or slow down towards the end. This flexibility allows you to tailor the animation’s behavior to match the desired effect.
Syntax
The syntax for the animation-timing-function
property is straightforward:
Explanation of Syntax
linear
: The animation maintains a constant speed.ease
: The animation starts slowly, speeds up in the middle, and then slows down at the end (default).ease-in
: The animation starts slowly and then speeds up.ease-out
: The animation starts quickly and then slows down.ease-in-out
: The animation starts slowly, speeds up in the middle, and then slows down at the end.step-start
: The animation jumps immediately to the end state at the start of the keyframe animation.step-end
: The animation jumps to the end state at the end of the keyframe animation.steps(int, start | end)
: Specifies a stepping function with the number of steps and the position of the start or end.cubic-bezier(n, n, n, n)
: Defines a custom timing function using a cubic-bezier curve.initial
: Sets the property to its default value.inherit
: Inherits the property from its parent element.
Example Usage
Linear Easing Function
This example shows how to use the linear
easing function to create an animation that progresses at a constant speed.
Cubic-Bézier Easing Function
This example showcases how to use the cubic-bezier
easing function to create a custom animation timing curve.
Step Easing Function
This example demonstrates how to use the steps
easing function to create an animation that progresses in discrete steps.
Comparing Easing Functions
This example compares the effects of different easing functions on the same animation.
Complex Animation with Multiple Keyframes
This example demonstrates a more complex animation using multiple keyframes and the linear
easing function.
Formal Definition
The animation-timing-function
property in CSS is formally defined in the CSS Animations Level 1 specification. This property specifies the speed curve of an animation, determining how the animation progresses over its duration. It defines the timing of intermediate keyframes and the pacing of the animation.
Formal Syntax
The formal syntax for the animation-timing-function
property is as follows:
Explanation of Syntax
<easing-function>
: Represents the various easing functions that can be used to control the animation’s timing.<linear-easing-function>
: Represents functions that interpolate linearly between provided easing stop points.<cubic-bezier-easing-function>
: Represents functions that define a custom timing curve using a cubic-bezier curve.<step-easing-function>
: Represents functions that divide the input time into a specified number of equal-length intervals.
<linear-easing-function>
linear
: Equivalent tocubic-bezier(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)
, the animation maintains a constant speed.<linear()>
: Interpolates linearly between provided easing stop points. Each stop point is a pair of an output progress and an input percentage.
<cubic-bezier-easing-function>
ease
: Equivalent tocubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1.0)
, the animation starts slowly, speeds up in the middle, and then slows down at the end (default).ease-in
: Equivalent tocubic-bezier(0.42, 0, 1.0, 1.0)
, the animation starts slowly and then speeds up.ease-out
: Equivalent tocubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.58, 1.0)
, the animation starts quickly and then slows down.ease-in-out
: Equivalent tocubic-bezier(0.42, 0, 0.58, 1.0)
, the animation starts slowly, speeds up in the middle, and then slows down at the end.<cubic-bezier()>
: Defines a custom timing function using a cubic-bezier curve. The four values represent the coordinates of two control points that define the curve.
<step-easing-function>
step-start
: Equivalent tosteps(1, jump-start)
, the animation jumps immediately to the end state at the start of the keyframe animation.step-end
: Equivalent tosteps(1, jump-end)
, the animation jumps to the end state at the end of the keyframe animation.<steps()>
: Specifies a stepping function with the number of steps and the position of the start or end.
Initial Value
The initial value for the animation-timing-function
property is ease
.
Applies To
The animation-timing-function
property applies to all elements, including the ::before
and ::after
pseudo-elements.
Inherited
The animation-timing-function
property is not inherited.
Computed Value
The computed value is as specified.
Animation Type
The animation-timing-function
property is not animatable.
Formal Syntax
By understanding the formal definition and syntax of the animation-timing-function
property, web developers can effectively utilize this property to create smooth, dynamic, and engaging animations for their web projects.
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